It appears evident, then, that promotion of health-enhancing behaviors must also start early in life.
And while the ill effects of chronic disease are manifested mainly in adults, it is increasingly better understood that the development of these conditions starts in childhood and adolescence ( Hallal et al., 2006 Cook et al., 2009 Halfon et al., 2012). Adults engaged in regular physical activity have lower rates of chronic disease (e.g., coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis, and some cancers) and are less likely to die prematurely ( HHS, 1996, 2008 Bauman, 2004). While more can always be learned, the evidence for the health benefits of physical activity is irrefutable ( HHS, 1996, 2008). 17), physical activity, a behavior, is defined as bodily movement that increases energy expenditure, whereas fitness (more.) As noted in Chapter 1 (see the box titled “Key Terms Used in This Report” on p. (See Box 3-1 for an overview of the relationship between physical activity and physical fitness.) This lack of participation in physical activity has contributed to a greater prevalence of pediatric obesity, a decrease in fitness (e.g., flexibility, muscular strength, cardiorespiratory capacity), and a greater risk for disease ( Boreham and Riddoch, 2001 Eisenmann, 2003 Malina, 2007 Steele et al., 2008). Behaviorally, most children fail to engage in vigorous- or moderate-intensity physical activity for the recommended 60 minutes or more each day, with as many as one-third reporting no physical activity in the preceding 5 days ( CDC, 2012). Children today weigh more and have a higher body mass index (BMI) than their peers of just a generation earlier ( Ogden et al., 2012). Technological advances of modern society have contributed to a sedentary lifestyle that has changed the phenotype of children from that of 20 years ago. The behaviors and traits of today's children, along with their genetics, are determinants of their growth and development their physical, mental, and psychosocial health and their physical, cognitive, and academic performance. Distinct types of physical activity address unique health concerns and contribute in distinct ways to children's health, suggesting that a varied regimen including aerobic and resistance exercise, structured and unstructured opportunities, and both longer sessions and shorter bouts will likely confer the greatest benefit.
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